The Airedale Terrier, often just called the “Airedale,” is also known as the Bingley Terrier or Waterside Terrier. This breed hails from the valley of the River Aire in Yorkshire, England. It’s not just any terrier—it’s crowned the “King of Terriers,” as it’s the largest in its class. The Airedale’s origins trace back to a mix of the Old English Black and Tan Terrier, the Otterhound, and likely a few other terrier breeds. Its influence even shaped the development of other breeds like the Yorkshire Terrier.
Initially bred as a versatile hunting and farm dog, the Airedale Terrier quickly proved its adaptability. In Britain, it has served as a war dog, guide dog, and even a police dog. Across the Atlantic, in the United States, the breed has been employed for hunting big game, upland birds, and waterfowl, as well as taking on many other demanding roles. Its versatility has made it a valuable working companion across a range of tasks.
History of Airedale Terrier
The first Airedales arrived in North America in the 1880s, with a dog named Bruce making history by winning the terrier class at a New York dog show after his arrival in 1881. The breed’s patriarch is considered to be CH Master Briar (1897–1906), whose sons, Crompton Marvel and Monarch, made significant contributions to the breed’s development. In Canada, Airedales were first registered in the 1888–1889 Stud Book.
The Airedale Terrier Club of America (ATCA) was founded in 1900, and in 1910, it introduced the Airedale Bowl, a perpetual trophy awarded to the Best of Breed at the National Specialties, a tradition that continues to this day. During World War I, Airedales became war heroes, serving as messengers, scouts, and Red Cross casualty dogs. Their bravery was legendary, with tales of dogs like “Jack,” who delivered a message despite severe injuries, showcasing the breed’s loyalty and courage.
Lieutenant Colonel Edwin Hautenville Richardson played a key role in developing war dogs for the British Army, including Airedales, which proved invaluable during World War I. These dogs were trained to carry messages, locate wounded soldiers, and serve in other critical roles. Airedales were also used as police dogs in Hull, England, in the early 1900s due to their intelligence and scenting abilities.
Before the German Shepherd became the go-to dog for law enforcement, the Airedale was often chosen for such roles. Airedales were even sent to the Russian Army during the Russo-Japanese War to aid in battlefield rescues. Though many perished, the breed was reintroduced to Russia in the 1920s and used for various tasks, from demolition to tracking.
In the 1930s, Captain Walter Lingo of Ohio developed a strain of Airedales known as “King Oorang,” bred to be the ultimate utility dog. The Oorang Airedale could hunt, retrieve, herd, and even fight, making it one of the most versatile dogs in history. Lingo promoted his kennel by forming the Oorang Indians football team, which played in the NFL from 1922 to 1923.
After World War I, Airedales saw a surge in popularity, thanks to their battlefield heroics and their status as pets of U.S. Presidents like Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, and Warren Harding. Harding’s Airedale, Laddie Boy, became the first celebrity White House pet, solidifying the breed’s fame.
By 1949, Airedales reached their peak in the U.S., ranking 20th out of 110 breeds recognized by the American Kennel Club. Today, the Airedale Terrier remains a beloved breed, known for its courage, versatility, and rich history. The ATCA, founded in 1900, continues to uphold the legacy of the breed, organizing performance and conformation events and awarding the prestigious Airedale Bowl to outstanding dogs.
Airedale Terrier Health Issue
Airedale Terriers are generally healthy dogs, but like all breeds, they can be susceptible to certain health conditions. Not every Airedale will develop these issues, but it’s important to be aware of them if you’re considering bringing one into your home. When purchasing a puppy, make sure to choose a reputable breeder who can provide health clearances for both parents, showing they’ve been tested and cleared for specific genetic conditions.
Some common health concerns in Airedales include:
Hip dysplasia: A hereditary condition where the thighbone doesn’t fit properly into the hip joint, leading to pain and lameness. X-rays are the best way to diagnose this issue.
Allergies: Airedales can suffer from food, contact, or inhalant allergies, causing symptoms that may require tailored treatments to manage effectively.
Hypothyroidism: A disorder of the thyroid gland that can lead to problems such as epilepsy, hair loss, obesity, lethargy, and skin conditions. This can be managed with medication and dietary adjustments.
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): A group of eye diseases that cause the gradual degeneration of the retina, leading to nightblindness and eventually the loss of daytime vision.
Umbilical Hernia: This occurs when abdominal fat or organs protrude through the abdominal wall near the belly button. Small hernias may close on their own, but larger ones may require surgery.
Von Willebrand’s Disease: A genetic blood disorder that affects clotting, leading to symptoms such as nosebleeds, bleeding gums, and excessive bleeding from minor injuries.
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis: This condition causes vomiting and diarrhea with blood and requires immediate medical attention to prevent dehydration and further complications.
Cancer: Like humans, Airedales can develop various types of cancers, with treatment options depending on the specific diagnosis.
A UK study reported the average life expectancy of Airedale Terriers to be around 12 years, which is slightly lower than the 12.7 years for purebred dogs and comparable to the 12 years for crossbreeds.
In a 2004 survey by the UK Kennel Club, the leading causes of death in Airedales were cancer (39.5%), old age (14%), urological issues (9%), and cardiac conditions (7%). Similarly, a 2000-2001 health survey in the USA and Canada found cancer to be the most common cause of death (38%), followed by urological issues (17%), old age (12%), and heart-related problems (6%).
Additionally, a study conducted at North American teaching hospitals revealed that 6.22% of Airedale Terriers were diagnosed with hip dysplasia, compared to 3.52% across all breeds.
Being informed about these potential health risks and working with a responsible breeder who screens for them can help ensure your Airedale has the best chance of a healthy life. Regular vet check-ups and a well-balanced diet are also essential for maintaining your Airedale’s overall well-being.
Appearance of Airedale Terrier
The Airedale Terrier is the largest of the British terriers, typically weighing between 19–25 kilograms (42–55 lbs) and standing 58–61 centimeters (23–24 inches) at the withers for males, with females being slightly smaller. The American Kennel Club (AKC) standard calls for a slightly smaller size, but in North America, larger Airedales, weighing up to 55 kilograms (121 lbs), can sometimes be found. These larger Airedales are often referred to as “Oorangs,” after a kennel in Ohio in the early 1900s that bred this bigger variety, or sometimes as “Roosevelt Terriers.”
Airedales have a medium-length, black and tan coat with a harsh, wiry topcoat and a soft undercoat. They are an alert, energetic breed, described as “not aggressive but fearless.” While some claim that the larger “Oorang” Airedales are more eager and active than the breed-standard Airedales, this is not always the case. The larger type has been used for big game hunting and as family protectors, though they tend to perform poorly in AKC conformation shows. However, the larger Airedales are also more prone to hip dysplasia compared to their standard-sized counterparts.
Coat
The Airedale Terrier, like many terrier breeds, has a “broken” coat, which is hard and wiry. The coat should be kept neat, not too long as to appear untidy, and should lie flat and close to the body. The outer coat is tough, wiry, and stiff, while the undercoat is softer. The hardest coats may be slightly wavy or crinkly, but soft, curly coats are considered undesirable.
Although the Airedale’s coat is often referred to as hypoallergenic, studies have shown no significant difference in allergen levels between Airedales and other breeds.
Airedales with undercoats are typically groomed using a method called hand-stripping, where a serrated knife is used to pull out loose hair. They generally require grooming every 6 to 8 weeks, either through stripping or clipping, as they do not shed.
According to the AKC breed standard, the ideal coat color is a black saddle with tan on the head, ears, and legs, or a dark grizzle saddle (black mixed with gray and white). The best, harshest coats often have red hair mixed into the black, particularly along the back before the tail. Although less common, there are non-standard variations such as black-coated or “red” (tan)-coated Airedales. Some “Redline” Airedales, which have shorter coats resembling the breed’s early days, also exist but still meet the standard for the breed with their hard outer coat and soft undercoat.
Tail
Traditionally, the Airedale’s tail is long and carried erect. In countries like Australia and most of Europe, tail docking is illegal unless for medical reasons, which has led to some Airedales developing a spitz-like tail. Over time, selective breeding is expected to restore the breed’s high-set, slightly curled tail. In the U.S., tails are often docked within the first five days of life, although this is not a breed standard requirement. The AKC standard describes the tail as set high on the back, carried gaily but not curled over, with good strength and substance.
Size
Airedales typically weigh between 50 and 80 pounds, making them agile and strong enough for tasks like retrieving, hunting, or serving as a physical deterrent. Some breeders developed larger Airedales, such as the “Oorang,” in the 1920s. Ex-Army captain and Airedale breeder Walter Lingo produced Airedales ranging from 40 to 100 pounds, but most averaged around 50 pounds and stood 22 to 24 inches at the shoulder. In the U.S., standard Airedales weigh between 40 and 70 pounds, while the Oorang strain can weigh between 80 and 120 pounds.
Airedale Terrier Care
The Airedale Terrier is a lively, energetic working dog with plenty of endurance. Daily exercise is crucial, and while one walk a day can suffice, two walks are even better. They thrive on physical activities like retrieving, playing, and swimming, and they’re excellent jogging partners, often outlasting their owners during workouts.
Training and early socialization are vital for Airedales. It’s best to start with puppy classes and gradually introduce them to various environments, such as parks, pet stores, and busy outdoor spaces. Exposing them to different people, including children, helps ensure they grow into friendly, well-adjusted adults.
Crate training is highly recommended, as it helps with housetraining and provides a comfortable space for your Airedale to relax. However, training this breed requires patience—they can be independent thinkers. While they usually respond well to commands, they sometimes prefer to follow their own instincts, like seeking shade on a hot day instead of sitting in direct sunlight.
Positive reinforcement is the most effective method when training an Airedale. Keeping the training fun, staying flexible, and using rewards will lead to success with this freethinking dog. With the right approach, you can enjoy a loyal, well-trained Airedale Terrier as a spirited and loving companion.
Airedale Terrier Feeding
The recommended daily portion of high-quality dry food for an Airedale Terrier is 1.5 to 2.5 cups, split into two meals. However, the exact amount your dog needs depends on their size, age, build, metabolism, and activity level. Like humans, dogs have individual nutritional needs. Active Airedales will likely need more food, while those with a more sedentary lifestyle may require less. The quality of the food also plays a role—better-quality dog food is more nutrient-dense, so your dog may need a smaller portion.
To keep your Airedale in top condition, it’s important to measure their food and feed them twice a day, rather than leaving food out all the time. Regular weight checks are also important. You can visually assess your dog’s waistline from above—it should be visible—and feel their ribs without excessive pressure, though the ribs should not be protruding.
If you suspect your Airedale is gaining too much weight, you can adjust their food intake and increase their exercise routine. Sticking to proper feeding guidelines and monitoring their weight will help keep your dog healthy and fit. For more specific advice on feeding puppies or adult Airedales, consult trusted sources for nutrition guidance.
Airedale Terrier Coat Color and Grooming
The Airedale Terrier is distinguished by its striking double coat, featuring a dense and wiry topcoat paired with a short, soft undercoat. Typically, Airedales have a notable color pattern: the majority of their body is tan, including the ears, legs, head, underbelly, and sometimes the shoulders, while the back and upper sides are adorned in black or a grizzled mix of black, gray, and white. You may even spot occasional red speckling in the black or a small white star on the chest. While shedding isn’t excessive, seasonal shedding does occur.
To keep the coat in top condition, regular brushing—about once or twice a week—is recommended. Bathing should be reserved for when it’s truly necessary, as frequent washing can soften the coarse texture of the terrier’s coat. Although family Airedales don’t strictly require trimming, many owners choose professional grooming three to four times a year for a polished look. An untrimmed coat can become thick, curly, and unruly. Grooming may involve clipping, stripping (using a stripping knife to thin and shorten the coat), or a mix of both. It’s essential to consider grooming costs when selecting this breed, as professional services can be pricey. Motivated owners may opt to learn to trim their Airedale at home, but it can be a challenging and time-consuming endeavor.
Dental hygiene is another critical aspect of care. Regularly brushing your dog’s teeth—ideally two to three times a week—can help prevent tartar buildup and maintain good oral health. Trimming nails once or twice a month is necessary to avoid painful tears and other complications. If you’re uncertain about nail trimming, consult a vet or groomer for guidance to avoid injuring the quick.
Ear health is also vital. Check your Airedale’s ears weekly for signs of redness or a foul odor, which may indicate an infection. To clean the outer ear and prevent infections, use a cotton ball moistened with a gentle, pH-balanced ear cleaner. It’s beneficial to introduce grooming practices and handling to your Airedale as a puppy. Regularly handle their paws since many dogs are sensitive about their feet, and gently inspect their mouth. Make grooming a positive experience by offering praise and rewards, laying the groundwork for stress-free veterinary exams, and handling as adults. During grooming sessions, take the opportunity to inspect your dog’s skin, eyes, ears, and feet for any signs of sores, rashes, or potential health issues, addressing them promptly.
Personality of Airedale Terrier
The Airedale Terrier is a hardworking, independent, and athletic breed known for its high drive, energy, and stamina. Like many terriers, they may display behaviors such as digging, chasing, and barking, which can be challenging for those unfamiliar with their personality. Before bringing an Airedale into your home, it’s essential to consider whether you’re prepared to manage these behaviors and embrace the challenges that come with their independent nature.
If you decide to welcome an Airedale into your life and provide the necessary attention and stimulation, you’ll be rewarded with a dog that has an active, fun-loving, and often comical personality. This breed thrives on activity, so it’s crucial not to leave them alone for extended periods, as boredom can lead to destructive behavior.
Training an Airedale requires a varied approach and the use of positive reinforcement methods, such as treats, to keep them engaged. It’s important to avoid rigid training techniques, as they may not be effective with this breed.
As a reliable watchdog, Airedales take pride in protecting their family and can be fierce guardians. However, they are generally friendly with their family members and friends.
The temperament of an Airedale is influenced by several factors, including genetics, training, and socialization. When selecting a puppy, look for one that exhibits a pleasant temperament, curiosity, and playfulness. Meeting at least one of the parents and observing the siblings or other relatives can provide valuable insights into the puppy’s potential behavior.
Early socialization is crucial for Airedales to grow into well-rounded dogs. Exposing them to various experiences, people, sights, and sounds during their formative weeks will help develop their social skills. Enrolling them in a puppy kindergarten class, inviting visitors regularly, and taking them to busy places can greatly contribute to their overall development and well-being.
References for Airedale Terrier
· “Airedale Terrier—The Terrier Mix.” The Terrier Mix. February 4, 2015. Archived from the original on June 9, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
· “The Kennel Club Breed Standard.” Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
· Isabel, Greg. “What’s an Oorang?” Archived from the original on April 8, 2009.
· Vredegoor, Doris W.; Willemse, Ton; Chapman, Martin D.; Heederik, Dick J.J.; Krop, Esmeralda J.M. (June 25, 2012). “Can f 1 Levels in Hair and Homes of Different Dog Breeds: Lack of Evidence to Describe Any Dog Breed as Hypoallergenic.” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 130(4): 904–909.e7. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.013. ISSN 0091-6749.
· Harvey, Jane. “How to Groom an Airedale.”
· Duffey, David Michael. “Dogdom’s Greatest Sales Pitch.” Outdoor Life Magazine, Vol. 168, no. 1.
· McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (February 1, 2024). “Longevity of Companion Dog Breeds: Those at Risk from Early Death.” Scientific Reports, 14(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484.
· “Purebred Dog Health Survey.” Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004. Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
· Airedale Terrier Club of America, in collaboration with L. Glickman from the Purdue School of Veterinary Medicine. “Airedale Terrier Health Survey 2000–2001” (PDF). Purdue University. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2003. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
· Witsberger, Tige H.; Villamil, J. Armando; Schultz, Loren G.; Hahn, Allen W.; Cook, James L. (June 15, 2008). “Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Hip Dysplasia and Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficiency in Dogs.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232(12): 1818–1824. doi:10.2460/javma.232.12.1818. ISSN 0003-1488.
